“Gastroesophageal Reflux Evaluation in Patients Affected by Chronic Cough: Restech Versus Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance/pH Metry”
September 25, 2017“Impact of pH Monitoring on Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Treatment: Improved Compliance and Symptom Resolution”
September 25, 2017Faruqi S, Fahim A, Morice A. European Respiratory Journal. 2012 Oct;40(4):1049-1050.
OBJECTIVES: We describe a patient with OSA and chronic cough who responded well to CPAP. Objective and subjective assessments of cough on treatment with CPAP, off CPAP and on follow-up as well as pharyngeal pH monitoring suggest a possible mechanism for this association.
RESULTS: OSA is characterised by recurrent episodes of upper airway narrowing during sleep with or without associated symptoms of daytime somnolence, morning headache and unrefreshing sleep. The prevalence of OSA is estimated to be 3–9% if defined as AHI .5 events h-1 with at least one symptom of OSA syndrome [2]. We report a case of OSA who presented with cough. There were two aspects to the patient’s cough. First, a chronic cough related to gastro-oesophageal reflux and secondly, cough related to OSA. There was some improvement in cough following acid suppression but the institution of CPAP produced a dramatic reduction in cough frequency and improvement in his quality of life. We have demonstrated that CPAP therapy in OSA is associated with a reduction in cough sensitivity, along with clinical improvement in cough-related quality of life. We believe that the possible mechanism of cough resolution with CPAP is through reduction of cough reflex sensitivity and improvement in reflux episodes. The baseline cough sensitivity was high but the patient had been on CPAP for only 2 months. Short-term cessation of CPAP did not cause change in cough sensitivity. However, at 1-yr follow-up, no coughs could be elicited by tussive challenge. We have previously demonstrated the disconnect between cough reflex sensitivity and symptoms [3]. We suggest in this case, cough reflex sensitivity lagged behind symptomatic improvement.
Resolution of cough with CPAP has been demonstrated in a case series of four patients who had objective cough recording and LCQ scores obtained pre- and post-CPAP therapy [4]. There was a significant improvement in both parameters in all patients. However, inhalational cough challenge was not performed in any of the patients.
CONCLUSION: Cough associated with OSA is probably under-recognised as there are only limited studies with small numbers of patients evaluating the prevalence of OSA as a cause of chronic cough. In a retrospective review, 44% of patients with chronic cough had OSA with 93% demonstrating significant improvement in cough with CPAP [5]. However, it is difficult to ascribe this benefit solely to CPAP as the majority of these patients had multiple therapeutic interventions for their cough. In a prospective series of 108 patients being evaluated for sleep disordered breathing, co-existent cough was documented in 33% [6]. Our case report evaluates the effect of CPAP on cough in a prospective and systematic manner and looks at a possible mechanism of this association.
The aetiology of cough in OSA could be multifactorial. First, OSA is associated with heightened cough sensitivity similar to patients with eosinophilic bronchitis. Obesity, a known risk factor for OSA, as well having as an association with chronic cough, is known to be associated with airway inflammation. This heightened cough sensitivity seen in OSA is likely to be related to cough receptor sensitisation secondary to increased inflammatory mediators in the upper airways and airway epithelial damage [7]. Furthermore, sensory dysfunction at upper airway correlates with the degree of OSA as measured by AHI and oxygen desaturation [8]. We propose that the mechanism of this airway inflammation is through reflux as there is evidence of a high prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in patients with OSA and commencement of CPAP results in improvement in transthoracic pressure and reflux [9]. Secondly, there is objective evidence of impaired swallowing in OSA, which could predispose these patients to reflux, microaspiration and cough [10].
To our knowledge, this is the first clinical demonstration of reversibility of cough reflex sensitivity in OSA with CPAP therapy. This case highlights an interesting association and mechanism of chronic cough with OSA, likely to be under-recognised in cough clinics as a cause of chronic cough. Furthermore, it emphasises the value of thorough and systematic clinical evaluation in the management of patients with chronic cough.